Shiites of the Islamic world theoretically enjoy a specific political viewpoint, however practically they support different governments in current conditions of the Islamic world. Although different factors may be at play, but the hypothesis of this article is that Shiite's geographical and geopolitical status play an important role in their practical support of these different models. Therefor...

the application of a comprehensive model of communicative language ability (cla) to language teaching and testing has always been an imperative in l2 education since hymess proposal of communicative competence in the 1970s. recent l2 research has clearly underscored the importance of sufficient pragmatics representation as an essential component of cla in pedagogical and testing practices in l2...