The development of in silico genomics has progressed slowly in France for a number of political reasons. Two administrative organizations, the Groupement de Recherche sur les Génomes (GREG) and the Groupement de Recherche 1029 (GDR 1029) of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) have been established. These organizations have created the dynamics that hopefully will place Franc...

Th is article examines how ideological diff erences between political offi cials and agencies may have aff ected the implementation of an ostensibly nonpartisan, government-wide administrative initiative: the George W. Bush administration’s Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART) review of federal programs. Th e analysis reveals that managers in agencies associated with liberal programs and emplo...

How does politics affect economic outcomes? This question has been asked probably as long as people have been interested in economics itself. Ž From Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations in 1776 or perhaps the Physiocrats . even earlier until at least John Stuart Mill’s Principles of Political Economy in 1848, what we now call ‘‘economics’’ was in fact generally referred to as ‘‘political economy.’’ T...

Though political theorists have emphasized the importance of political discussion in non-political spaces, past study of online political discussion has focused on primarily political websites. Using a random sample from Blogger.com, we find that 25% of all political posts are from blogs that post about politics less than 20% of the time, because the vast majority of blogs post about politics s...

the kind of contracts of government and public organisations that relates public affaires, that named public or administrative contracts , are very important to fulfil legal duties of government, and public contracts are new forms of providing public welfare, and management of public services, that are based on consenting instead of being authoritarian, but had been studied less in iran law bec...

This article traces the migration patterns of the Russian-Germans across international borders from their initial settlement in the Russian Empire starting in 1763 up to the present day. In particular it analyses the reasons behind these migration flows. Both push and pull factors motivated the immigration of ethnic Germans to the Russian Empire in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. ...