In 2014, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) campaigns were implemented in Nigeria and Pakistan after clinical trials showed that IPV boosts intestinal immunity in children previously given oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). We estimated the effect of these campaigns by using surveillance data collected during January 2014-April 2016. In Nigeria, campaigns with IPV and trivalent OPV (tOPV) substan...

BJuA vaccinated regions was initiated in November, 1958, and repeated random collections of stool specimens were made throughout 1959 and 1960. In 1958-9 a total of 2,322 specimens was collected in the four vaccinated regions, and 2,964 specimens in 10 non-vaccinated provinces; in 1960 a total of 7,486 stool specimens was collected from healthy children throughout the whole country. At least th...

This paper reviews the English language literature on the safety, immunogenicity and effectiveness in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) of vaccines currently recommended by WHO for use in national immunization programmes. Immunization is generally safe and beneficial for children infected with HIV, although HIV-induced immune suppression reduces the benefit compared ...

The ,-capture assay to measure poliovirus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies for three poliovirus serotypes in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 114 patients with clinically determined acute poliomyelitis at Karachi, Pakistan, employed 35S-methionine-radiolabelled polioviruses. In the microwell format, the appearance of poliovirus-specific IgM antibodies appeared a sensitive and sp...

BACKGROUND A worldwide poliomyelitis eradication program was initiated in 1988; however, strains of wild poliovirus (WPV) are still endemic in some countries. Until WPV transmission is eradicated globally, importation and outbreaks of WPV are alarming possibilities. This study is the first report to document the polio immunity after 2004, when an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) was introduced i...

Now that the global eradication of wild poliovirus is almost within sight, planning for the post-certification era is becoming a priority issue. It is agreed that a stockpile of appropriate polio vaccines will need to be established, and a surveillance and response capacity will need to be maintained, in order to protect the world against any possible future outbreaks attributable either to the...

BACKGROUND Trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV) was replaced worldwide from April, 2016, by bivalent types 1 and 3 oral polio vaccine (bOPV) and one dose of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) where available. The risk of transmission of type 2 poliovirus or Sabin 2 virus on re-introduction or resurgence of type 2 poliovirus after this switch is not understood completely. We aimed to assess the risk...

The association between completion of primary dipht eria, tetanus and pertussis, measles, mumps, and rubella and polio immunisation courses in Liverpool and five sociodemographic factors, namely the child's sex, position in the family, family type, migration into Liverpool since birth, and local deprivation was examined. Only 68% of children were fully immunised by their second birthday. The im...