Since Spain's transition to democracy, abortion has been a public policy issue both inside and outside parliament. This paper describes the history of abortion law reform in Spain from 1979 to 2004 and analyses the discourse on abortion of members of the Spanish parliament by sex and political allegiance. The analysis is based on a retrospective study of the frequency of legislative initiatives...

Baldwin et al. (2007 [this issue]) raise a number of concerns about our efforts to discern the independent effects of human activity levels and distributions on biodiversity (Brown & Laband 2006). Their central point of contention seems to be that we failed to acknowledge properly in our work that “land-use change due to sprawl is a leading threat to biological diversity in the United States.” ...

abstract this study uses annual data over the period 2005-2014 and the panel vecm approach to examine financial inclusion and monetary policy effectiveness in africa. the study shows that financial inclusion and monetary policy effectiveness are linked by a set of long-run relationships. policy reaction to the positive financial inclusion shock is not significant. policy reaction to the positiv...

As Ellen et al. point out, there is room for improvement in knowledge transfer between academic research and policymaking. At the same time, retrospective analyses of health policy often identify research influences on policymaking. Part of this paradox can be explained by the difference between the nature of research and the nature of policymaking. Research necessarily focuses on the past, exa...

this research surveys the relationship between elements of identity and foreign policy indicators in the islamic republic of iran (i.r.i.). for this purpose, at first it explains constructivism theory because of the essence of i.r.i constitution and islamic-iranian norms and values in foreign policy. according to this approach, these values and norms shape the i.r.i. identity, and identity dete...

background the lack of effective use of research evidence in policy-making is a major challenge in most low- and middle-income countries (lmics). there is need to package research data into effective policy tools that will help policy-makers to make evidence-informed policy regarding infectious diseases of poverty (idp). the objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of training works...

in this study, an effort has been made to determine the most important risk factors of tuberculosis (tb) in district mardan. a total of 645 cases were examined, and their personal and medical data were collected. for each case, the phenomenon of tb was studied in relation to different risk factors. statistical techniques of logistic regression and backward elimination procedure were used to ana...

a fair hearing in the courts requires the principles of procedure. because arbitration is kind of judgment, so in the arbitration hearing the arbitrator or arbitral tribunal is not bound to observe the principles of procedural formalisms. but they oblige to compliance of principals of civil procedure. equal treatment with parties and adversarial procedure are principles that arbitrator obliged ...

abstracttransferor effect of appeal from civil judgment move case in the opinion of court of appeal/investigation of this court does not merely from forms and procedure perspective but investigation comprise the whole of the case.at contemporary world the role of appeal courts fundamentally changed and the process of investigation in the appeal court violated principle of double degree of proce...

Coordinated control schemes, at fossil fuel power plants, drive units as a whole through a variable pressure operating policy. Ordinarily, the pressure control loop set-point is obtained from the unit load demand through a fixed nonlinear mapping that does not allow for process optimization under operating conditions different from the originals. This paper presents a procedure to optimally des...