Understanding of the atherosclerosis process has evolved from simple plaque build-up causing blockage to inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. The underlying etiology for endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation is autonomic imbalance. Autonomic imbalance also causes hormonal dysregulation and cellular receptor sensitivity. Therefore, dysautonomia is the underlying etiology behind ...

Periodontal (gum) disease, which is also known as periodontal disease and periodontitis, is a progressive disease which if left untreated may result in tooth loss. Gum disease begins with the inflammation and irritation of the gingival tissues which surround and support the teeth. The cause of this inflammation is the toxins found in plaque, or biofilm, which cause an ongoing bacterial infection.

This paper reports what is apparently the first observation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in association with Chlamydia pneumoniae in thrombosed ruptured atheromas. We performed electron microscopy and in situ hybridization in specimens from three patients who died of acute myocardial infarction. These patients had typical symptoms of acute ischemic syndrome. Mycoplasmas were present mainly in the l...

A clear relationship between diabetes and cardiovascular disease has been established for decades. Despite this, the mechanisms by which diabetes contributes to plaque formation remain in question. Some of this confusion derives from studies in type 2 diabetics where multiple components of metabolic syndrome show proatherosclerotic effects independent of underlying diabetes. However, the hyperg...

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the thickening of the arterial wall to form an atherosclerotic plaque, a process in which cholesterol deposition, inflammation, extracellular-matrix formation and thrombosis have important roles{Sanz, 2008 #1}. Symptoms occur late in the course of disease and are usually caused by the narrowing of the lumen of the artery, which can happen gradually (as a resu...

Inflammation and hemostasis are key processes in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (1,2). Vascular inflammation in response to lipid depositions causes formation of atherosclerotic plaques (1). In addition, inflammation in existing plaques is the primary process responsible for progression toward a phenotype that is vulnerable to rupture and thereby causing acute events...

Plaque Progression: Often Abrupt, Rarely Predictable Some facts are now certain. First, plaque progression and clinical outcome are not always closely related, and each is poorly predicted by clinical and angiographic variables.1–4 Second, many plaques progress episodically because of episodes of thrombosis triggered by rupture, erosion (denudation), or occasionally endothelial activation or in...

Toothpaste is a common product in our families and people hardly care to know about the product which ‘they are using. Toothpaste is an agent used as an effective home care system. It is a paste or gel dentifrice used with a toothbrush as an accessory to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth by the patients to enhance oral hygiene. Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene. Alt...

Plaque Progression: Often Abrupt, Rarely Predictable Some facts are now certain. First, plaque progression and clinical outcome are not always closely related, and each is poorly predicted by clinical and angiographic variables.1–4 Second, many plaques progress episodically because of episodes of thrombosis triggered by rupture, erosion (denudation), or occasionally endothelial activation or in...