Human red and green visual pigment genes are X-linked duplicate genes. To study their evolutionary history, introns 2 and 4 (1,987 and 1,552 bp, respectively) of human red and green pigment genes were sequenced. Surprisingly, we found that intron 4 sequences of these two genes are identical and that the intron 2 sequences differ by only 0.3%. The low divergences are unexpected because the dupli...

The use of manganese and iron-oxides by late Neandertals is well-documented in Europe, especially for the period 60-40,000 years ago. Such finds have often been interpreted as pigments even though their exact function is largely unknown. Here we report on significantly older iron-oxide finds which constitute the earliest documented use of red ochre by Neandertals. It concerns small concentrates...

Rice is the foremost cereal food crop in many developing countries. About half of the world population consumes rice as their major source of carbohydrate. Almost 95% of the rice production is recorded in Asian countries (Bhattacharjee et al., 2002). In addition to common white-rice varieties, there are some speciality rices such as the colored ones (black, also known as purple, brown and red)....

1. It was found that when hanging drops of whole blood, drawn from a rabbit, were subjected to irradiation from certain light sources, a striking degeneration of the white and of the red cells occurred. In this degeneration of the red cells there was (a) a preliminary period of 15-30 minutes during which no effect was noted; (b) following this, there was a period during which the cells swelled ...

It has long been recognized that an adequate the capillaries, to be visualized in the same organ. blood supply is an essential prerequisite to the In a previous paper (Millen and Woollam, 1953) a normal functioning of the neuron. The major method was described which allows such a differcontributions to the study of the vascular architecentiation to be made. Briefly the technique was as ture of ...

A study was made of the diffusion of the red pigment echinochrome from the eggs of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, into sea water. Unfertilized eggs retained their pigment, over periods of hours. Outward diffusion of pigment from unfertilized eggs normally is entirely negligible, or does not occur at all. Enchancing the calcium or potassium content of the artificial sea water (while retaini...

Abstract Chinese jujube is a delicious fruit with high antioxidant nutrients. The peel, however, always discarded due to its indigestibility. In the current study, peels were collected for red pigment extraction. Six extraction-related parameters (ethanol concentration, solid-liquid ratio, material granularity, enzyme enzymolysis time, and pH) optimized peel extraction using Plackett–Burman Box...

In pernicious anemia and hemochromatosis an iron-containing pigment, hemosiderin, ordinarily derived from hemoglobin, is deposited in organs free from such pigment in most conditions that involve blood destruction. When sudden hemolysis takes place in a previously healthy human being, as after cutaneous burns or the action of a "blood poison," hemosiderin granules appear in the spleen, the red ...

A classical theory held that deuteranomaly was caused by the replacement of the normal M cone pigment by an anomalous M pigment, which was spectrally red-shifted. Two assumptions associated with that theory were: (1) that there was a single, fixed L pigment, shared by deuteranomals and normals; (2) and that everyone had two genes for cone pigments on the X-chromosome. Those two assumptions are ...