Previous experience seems to be an important predictor for endurance and ultra-endurance performance. The present study investigated whether the number of previously completed races and/or the personal best times in shorter races is more predictive for performance in longer non-stop ultra-triathlons such as a Deca Iron ultra-triathlon. All female and male ultra-triathletes who had finished betw...

BACKGROUND Athletes intending to compete in Ironman Hawaii need to qualify in an age-group based qualification system. We compared participation and top ten performances of athletes in various age groups between Ironman Hawaii and its qualifier races. METHODS Finishes in Ironman Hawaii and in its qualifier races in 2010 were analyzed in terms of performance, age, and sex. Athletes were catego...

BACKGROUND Despite the popularity of the horse racing industry in the United States and the wide recognition that horse racing is one of the most hazardous occupations, little focused research into the prevention of falls by and injuries to jockeys has been conducted. PURPOSE To describe the incidence rates and characteristics of falls and injuries to Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse racing joc...

Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi comprises a number of races which fall into two phylogenetically distinct groups (designated I and II). Races are based on cultivar specificity in the host plant, pea (Pisum sativum), and are specified by the presence of avirulence genes. The avirulence gene avrPpiA1 is present on the chromosome of all strains examined in race 2, which belongs to phylogenetic group...

Physiological race determination of 143 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) isolates collected along 30 years in major tomato‐producing regions Brazil. races were determined via root‐dipping inoculation differential tomato accessions and by the PCR‐based marker system Hirano Arie (2006). According to pathogenicity/virulence assays, five 1, 23 2 115 3 identified. FOL 1 prevailed up early...

Co-evolutionary arms races have provided clear evidence for evolutionary change, especially in host-parasite systems. The evolution of host-specific races in the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus), however, is also an example where sexual conflict influences the outcome. Cuckoo females benefit from better adaptation to overcome host defences, whereas cuckoo males face a trade-off between the benef...