Access control devices and systems comprise an important part of every security system. Even the simplest single-door access control system includes at least an electric strike to automatically unlock the door, a timer to make sure that the door does not stay open all day, and a bell or light to indicate when the door is opened or that it has not reclosed properly. In a large-scale security sys...

Cyber physical systems (CPSs) are found in many aspects of daily life, and they control protect energy production, manufacturing even healthcare. Due to long lifecycles the use legacy technologies, its associated security comes with challenges. Security taxonomies useful classify communicate security-related information elements. Despite existence numerous taxonomies, fragmentary, limited only ...

Current critical industrial infrastructure (CII) which uses industrial automation and control systems (IACS) can be a target of cyber-attacks or combined cyber-physical attacks. To ensure the security of the CII, international standards are gradually evolving. The IEC 62443-x-x series is a specialized multipart security standard for IACS. It introduces, among others, the concept of security zon...