The MPEG format is widely used and therefore an attractive vehicle for the distribution of video and audio material over the Internet. However, the hierarchical structure of MPEG systems complicates the task of delivering continuous, synchronized streams of video and audio in a best-effort environment (today’s Internet). If the network throws away packets on encountering congestion, the video a...

When reaching goals, organisms must simultaneously meet the overarching goal of conserving energy. According to the law of least effort, organisms will select the means associated with the least effort. The mechanisms underlying this bias remain unknown. One hypothesis is that organisms come to avoid situations associated with unnecessary effort by generating a negative valence toward the stimu...

This study investigated the visual attention of older expert orienteers and older adults not practicing activities with high attentional and psychomotor demands, and considered whether prolonged practice of orienteering may counteract the age-related deterioration of visual attentional performance both at rest and under acute exercise. In two discriminative reaction time experiments, performed ...

PURPOSE Excessive movements during walking have been observed by gait analysis in children with arthrogryposis (AMC) using orthoses compared to children using only shoes. The aim of this study was to evaluate energy expenditure and functional exercise capacity in children with AMC. METHODS Twenty-four children with AMC and 25 typically developing (TD) children underwent oxygen measurement and...

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among college students’ 2 2 goal orientations (mastery-approach [MAp], mastery-avoidance [MAv], performance-approach [PAp], performance-avoidance [PAv]), situational motivation (intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, external regulation and amotivation) and effort/persistence in physical activity classes. Participants (140 female, 109...

Critical infrastructures rely on cyber and physical components that are both subject to natural, incidental or intentional degradations. Game theory has been used in studying the strategic interactions between attackers and defenders for critical infrastructure protection, but has not been extensively used in complex cyber-physical networks. This paper fills the gap by modeling the probabilitie...

Interactive Digital Art is a popular art form that collaborates with science and technology. In this paper we search for Interactive Digital Art which is one of the most popular art genres in these days. It takes a digital technology with modern art and sensor technology helps audiences’ active participation on art works. The participations naturally move their part of body or the hole body to ...

This study investigated the influences of both perceived control and physical effort on cardiovascular reactivity. Undergraduates (N = 32) played a video game task interrupted by aversive noise. Perceived control of the noise was manipulated by instructions indicating the presence or absence of a contingency between performance and noise presentations. Physical effort was manipulated by control...

Citation: Richter M (2015) Commentary: Pre-crastination: hastening subgoal completion at the expense of extra physical effort. Rosenbaum et al. (2014) announced in a recent Psychological Science paper the discovery of a new psychological phenomenon. They presented nine studies on task choice in a bucket carrying task and claimed that the results of these studies provide evidence for pre-crastin...

The syndrome variously called Da Costa's syndrome, effort syndrome, neurocirculatory asthenia, etc has been studied for more than 100 years by many distinguished physicians. Originally identified in men in wartime, it has been widely recognised as a common chronic condition in both sexes in civilian life. Although the symptoms may seem to appear after infections and various physical and psychol...