In this review, which is intended as an introduction to the subject, we introduce the phenomenological transport coefficients in solid-state diffusion and discuss their structure and physical meaning. Next, we discuss the Darken, the Manning, the Moleko, Allnatt and Allnatt and the Heumann expressions which relate the phenomenological coefficients to the (measurable) tracer diffusion coefficien...

normal 0 false false false en-us x-none ar-sa introduction: hepatitis b is one of the world's health problems and increased the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis. medical students exposed to risk because of future job, and being infected than the general population. this study will survey level of knowledge, risk perception and behavioral intention medical students about hepa...

This paper deals with black holes, bubbles and orbifolds in GaussBonnet theory in five dimensional anti de Sitter space. In particular, we study stable, unstable and metastable phases of black holes from thermodynamical perspective. By comparing bubble and orbifold geometries, we analyse associated instabilities. Assuming AdS/CFT correspondence, we discuss the effects of this higher derivative ...

The optical properties of composite materials are studied theoretically as a function of temperature via a phenomenological model for temperatures up to the melting points of the materials. Both the Maxwell-Garnett and Bruggeman models are considered and the temperature variation of the optical constants of the metallic particles is obtained with an account of the dependence of both the electro...

The change in entropy, DS , at the first-order magnetoelastic phase transition in Gd5(SixGe12x)4 alloys for x<0.5 has been measured with a high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimeter with built-in magnetic field, H. Scaling of DS is achieved by changing the transition temperature, Tt , with x and H from 70 to 310 K. Tt is thus the relevant parameter in determining the giant magnetocalori...

A recently developed long-wavelength continuum phenomenological model is employed to study the phonon tunneling through semiconductor heterostructures where the barrier parameters are varied gradually according to a Gaussian function. The optical modes of a Si/SixGe1Kx Gaussian superlattice are considered. Such structures allow the incident phonons to be nearly totally transmitted when the inci...

Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit is knowledge’s voyage of self-discovery. It begins with the mere appearance of knowledge – that is, what knowledge at first seems to be. But what knowledge at first seems to be is not congruent with its reality, even in its first appearance. The incongruence creates an instability that pushes knowledge on to other ways to take itself, stopping only when a concept...

In this article we present a phenomenological model which simulates very well the magnetic relaxation behavior experimentally observed in small magnetic grains and single domain particles. In this model, the occurrence of quantum tunneling of magnetization below a certain temperature is taken into account. Experimental results for different materials are presented to illustrate the most importa...

We propose a general method for modelling transformation paths of multi-phase materials such that elastic moduli can be fitted exactly. The energy landscape obtained in this way is global and automatically enjoys the correct symmetries. The method is applied to the triple point of zirconia, where tetragonal, orthorhombic (orthoI), and monoclinic phases meet. An explicit and relatively simple ex...