In a classical PLL, the phase detector (PD) and charge pump (CP) noise is multiplied by N, when referred to the VCO output, due to the divide-by-N in the feedback path. It often dominates the in-band phase noise and limits the achievable PLL jitter·power Figure-Of-Merit (FOM). A subsampling PLL uses a PD that sub-samples the high frequency VCO output with the reference clock. The PD and CP nois...

Numerous empirical data demonstrate that real noisy RF oscillators are affected by power-law phase noise. However, until recently, the robust analytic modeling of the deep-into-the-carrier spectral regime of RF oscillators was intangible due to the infinities involved in the relevant power-law regions. In this letter we demonstrate how recent advances in oscillator spectral modeling can be appl...

This brief presents experimental and modeling results of device noise in SiGe HBT RF technology. By careful bandgap engineering, a simultaneous reduction of RF noise, 1 noise, and phase noise has been achieved. At a given , transistors with different base bandgap profiles show similar 1 noise. At a given , however, transistors with a higher (and hence lower RF noise) show lower 1 noise. Circuit...

This paper presents a complete noise analysis of a ΣΔ-based fractional-N phase-locked loop (PLL) based frequency synthesizer. Rigorous analytical and empirical formulas have been given to model various phase noise sources and spurious components and to predict their impact on the overall synthesizer noise performance. These formulas have been applied to an integrated multiband WLAN frequency sy...

This paper presents a phase noise model for clock buffers. The model can be used to predict the phase noise introduced by clock buffers and to gain insight into phase noise transfer mechanisms in clock buffers. Based on the models, techniques for low phase noise clock buffer design are derived. The analytical results presented here have good agreement with simulation and measurement results. Co...

In this paper we study the origin and the effect of amplitude and phase noise on laser optical feedback imaging associated with a synthetic aperture (SA) imaging system. Amplitude noise corresponds to photon noise and acts as an additive noise; it can be reduced by increasing the global measurement time. Phase noise can be divided in three families: random, sinusoidal, and drift phase noise; we...

b ackground : tuberculosis is a crucial health problem. establishing a rapid, reliable and still inexpensive diagnostic method for tuberculosis seems to be substantial in developing countries where tb has very high incidence rate . methods:   an indirect  enzyme-linked  immunosorbent  assay (elisa )   was established to detect serum antibodies against mycobacterium  tuberculosis. three kinds of...

This paper investigates the effects of phase noise on the performance of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems using an Intercarrier Interference (ICI) cancellation scheme. In this case, the Common Phase Error (CPE) and ICI caused by phase noise depend on the overall spectrum of each weighted group of subcarriers rather than on the spectrum of each individual subcarrier. Thi...

We present a simple and automatic method for determining the uncertainty in the retrieved intensity and phase versus time (and frequency) due to noise in a frequency-resolved optical-gating trace, independent of noise source. It uses the ‘‘bootstrap’’ statistical method and also yields an automated method for phase blanking (omitting the phase when the intensity is too low to determine it). © 2...