BACKGROUND Because of the unique features of specialty pharmaceuticals and insurance plans, specialty pharmaceutical products can be paid through the pharmacy benefit or the medical benefit. While most pharmacists are very comfortable with the conventions of reimbursement in the pharmacy benefit, they are less familiar with the processes for payment in the medical benefit. OBJECTIVE To review...

There has been a significant investment in research to define exposures and potential hazards of pharmaceuticals in freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. A substantial number of integrated environmental risk assessments have been developed in Europe, North America and many other regions for these situations. In contrast, comparatively few empirical studies have been conducted for human and vet...

In this article, we provide an overview of key international guidelines governing the supply of pharmaceuticals during disasters and complex emergencies. We review the World Health Organization's guidelines on pharmaceutical supply chain management and highlight their relevance for military humanitarian assistance missions. Given the important role of pharmaceuticals in addressing population he...