After the boom of pharmacological research during the 1950s, mainly as a result of the screening technique, the identification of active molecules, their reshaping by means of pharmaco-chemical drug design, and the creation of extremely efficacious and successful medicines, the pharmaceutical world sought a new source of inspiration. Such biota as the tropical forest, a quantity of plants credi...

A new flow procedure based on multicommutation with chemiluminometric detection was developed to quantify gentamicin sulphate in pharmaceutical formulations. This approach is based on gentamicin's ability to inhibit the chemiluminometric reaction between luminol and hypochlorite in alkaline medium, causing a decrease in the analytical signal. The inhibition of the analytical signal is proportio...

A flow-injection method is reported for the determination of thyroxine based on its enhancement effect on the tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) chemiluminescence reaction in the presence of NADH using immobilized alcohol dehydrogenase purified from baker yeast. The limit of detection (3 sigma blank) was 5.0 x 10(-8) M with a sample throughput of 80 h(-1). The calibration graph was linear over ...

The paper suggests an accounting-based methodology for defining open innovation business models, by analysing investments and divestments of intangibles, either in separate transactions (trading) or within business combinations, mergers and acquisitions (incorporation). The framework is applied to a sample of 274 science based companies in bio-pharmaceutical and technology hardware & equipment ...

Deep UV projection lithography (DUV-PL) and deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) processes are used to fabricate silicon nanopost surfaces for laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). Described here is a fabrication process that is amenable to mass production of silicon nanopost array (NAPA) devices optimized for laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry of small molecules less t...

Alpha-hydroxylic acids are widely used in the treatment and control of skin disorders. Azelaic acid is a naturally occuring Alpha-hydroxy acid that can be formed endogenously from long-chain dicardoxylic acids, metabolism of oleic acid or omega oxidation of mono carboxylic acids. It shows bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms present on acne-be...

Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) counts individual rare, usually radio-, isotopes such as radiocarbon at high efficiency and specificity in milligram-sized samples. AMS traces very low chemical doses (micrograms) and radiative doses (100 Bq) of isotope-labeled compounds in animal models and directly in humans for pharmaceutical, nutritional, or toxicological research. Absorption, metabolism,...

the purpose of this paper is to make explicit how companies in pharmaceutical sector can ensure their position in different markets by relying on a sustainable competitive advantages resulted from using a good defined marketing model. various factors are highlighted including high research and development roles and costs, hard government regulation in frame of gmp standard, market analysis tool...

A productive and ethical relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and physicians is critical to improving drug discovery and public health. In response to concerns about inappropriate financial relationships between the pharmaceutical industry and physicians, national organizations representing physicians or industry have made recommendations designed to reduce conflicts of interest, le...

Background: At the present time, teaching pharmacology for medical students mainly focuses on the basic principles of pharmacology. This study was conducted to assess the current situation of pharmacology teaching and the necessity of developing clinical pharmacology from the viewpoint of medical interns and externs in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This descriptive cross-secti...