Under the table or informal payments in several middle and low income countries is a serious impediment to health care reform. These payments are effectively a form of systemic corruption. This report shows the efforts of a patient who seek health care for his ankle while being requested to pay under the table in hospital and private clinic. The data were collected by interview and surveying pa...

This paper proposes and analyzes data synchronization techniques that not only resynchronize after encoded bits are corrupted by insertion, deletion or substitution errors, but also produce estimates of the time indices of the decoded data symbols, in order to determine their positions in the original source sequence. The techniques are based on block codes, and the estimates are of the time in...

The development of the digital economy presents new, increasingly diverse financial service products. One them is non-cash payments or cashless payments, which are latest innovations and prevalent in buying selling to MSMEs. This study aims find out how Cashless system implemented MSME sector city Medan, then Islamic economic perspective implementing payment system. uses a qualitative research ...

this study will provide detailed specification of those variables and determinants of unpredictable health expenditure in iran, and the requirements to reduce extensive effects of the factors affecting households' payments for health and other goods and services inappropriately.this study aims to identify measures of fair financing of health services and determinants of fair financing contribut...

background: health inequalitymonitoring especially in health care financing field is very important. hence, this study tends to assess the inequality in household's capacity to pay and out-of-pocket health carepaymentsin tehran metropolis. methods: this cross-sectional study was performed in 2013.thestudy population was selected by stratified cluster sampling, and they constitute the typic...

In practice, in order to reduce default risks with credit-risk customers, a seller (e.g., a manufacturer or a retailer) frequently requests its credit-risk customers to pay a fraction of the purchase amount at the time of placing an order as collateral deposit, and then grants a permissible delay on the outstanding balance (i.e., a down-stream partial trade credit). By contrast, the seller usua...

In practice, a credit-worthy retailer frequently receives a permissible delay on the entire purchase amount without collateral deposits from his/her supplier (i.e., an up-stream full trade credit). By contrast, a retailer usually requests his/her credit-risk customers to pay a fraction of the purchase amount at the time of placing an order, and then grants a permissible delay on the remaining b...