Dithiocarbamate fungicides such as maneb and mancozeb are widely used nonsystemic protectant fungicides to control various plant fungal diseases. Dithiocarbamate fungicides should be frequently applied to achieve optimal efficacy of disease control and avoid either decline in effectiveness or wash-off from leaf surface. Dithiocarbamates are of low resistance risk but have the potential to cause...

The within-field spatial distribution of beneficial arthropods was assessed using two-dimensional grids of pitfall traps and suction sampling across two winter wheat fields of 4 and 16 ha, before and after an application of dimethoate. An unsprayed 6 m wide buffer zone was left around half the edge of the larger field. Arthropod numbers fluctuated to varying extents prior to spraying. Two speci...

Slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) has strong bactericidal activity and is relatively safe compared to other disinfectants. In vitro exposure of Escherichia coli Bacillus subtilis SAEW at a chlorine concentration more than 25 mg/L for 3 min completely killed bacterial cells. When was sprayed in greenhouse around 30 mg/L, the viability airborne microorganisms significantly reduced. On han...

This study was aimed to compare the production time (germination and drying process) quality of germinated brown rice (GBR) obtained from water spraying-based GBR (Sprayed-GBR) system soaking-based (Soaked-GBR) system. The results showed that Sprayed-GBR, in germination process, required 2.5 h for spraying a step obtain paddy with moisture content 30% (w.b.) 26 an incubation 90% percentage. led...

Insecticide effects of deltamethrin 2.5% SC (flowable solution) on different substrates and triatomine infestation rates in two indigenous villages (Estancia Salzar and Nueva Promesa) of the Paraguayan Chaco are reported. This field study was carried out to determine the extent to which variability in spray penetration may affect residual action of the insecticide. A total of 117 houses in the ...