This paper sheds some light on the problems associated with random effects gravity approaches. Arguments for the superiority of a fixed effects model are given both along intuitive and econometric lines based on a Hausman test.  2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

This paper uses data drawn from the English Football League to model separate hazard rates for club managers for the 2001/2, 2002/3 and 2003/4 seasons. On average over the three seasons, approximately one-third of managers involuntarily exited employment status with their club. We model the hazard using a standard logistic model exploiting information on the spell at risk rather than the indivi...

Surprisingly little scientific research has been conducted on the effects of colour and lightness on the perception of spaciousness. Practitioners and architects typically suggest that a room's ceiling appears higher when it is painted lighter than the walls, while darker ceilings appear lower. Employing a virtual reality setting, we studied the effects of the lightness of different room surfac...

conclusions results provided initial evidence that the idoba is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring determinants of obesity-related behaviors in iranian adolescents, indicating that the questionnaire can be used in future weight management programs for tehranian adolescents. results all items were perceived as relevant and comprehendible by adolescents. content validity was confirmed ...

This longitudinal study examined the role of sense of belonging, social support, and spousal support on the relationship between perceived stress and symptoms of depression in 90 men and women who had a history of depression (n = 51) and who did not have (n = 39) a history of depression. Data were obtained at 3, 6, and 9 months after initial entry into the study. A series of regression analysis...

OBJECTIVE To investigate the psychosocial etiology of physical frailty by examining the influence of chronic stress and perceived control. METHOD Using population-based samples of older adults from the Health and Retirement Study, this study employed structural equation modeling in cross-sectional (N = 5,250) and longitudinal (N = 2,013) samples to estimate the effects of chronic stress and s...