Studies with 26 clones of L. donovani promastigotes derived from three different Indian isolates indicated that wild type parasites are mixture of stibanate sensitive and resistant cells. Both forms of the parasite were resistant to the drug. Infection with resistant parasites appears to be the primary reason of high rate of pentavalent antimony unresponsiveness among Indian kala-azar patients....

With the advent effort of Edward Jenner, vaccination now became the global phenomenon (1). The World Health Organization (WHO) had initiated the recommended Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in Pakistan in the year of 1978. At start other than tetanus toxoid vaccine, which focused mainly pregnant women to protect the newborn from neonatal tetanus, eight preventable diseases namely tuberc...

Although, in southern Europe, there has been considerable experience in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in HIV-positive patients, the optimal therapy has yet to be established. Pentavalent antimony salts, free amphotericin B deoxycholate (ABD) and lipidic formulations of amphotericin B are the drugs most commonly used. Treatment with pentavalent antimonials requires daily injection...

Conditional on correct diagnosis and treatment, current drug regimens for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) will only prevent about 90% of deaths. Furthermore, the cost of pentavalent antimonials, the long duration of the regimen and its parenteral administration are major obstacles for patients. Poor patient compliance and the use of counterfeit drugs contribute to therapeutic failure, amplification...

Abstract We aimed to analyze the trend of indicators National Immunization Program (acronym in Portuguese. PNI) children under one-year-old and classify municipalities regarding risk transmission vaccine-preventable diseases (RTVPD) Maranhão from 2010 2021. This ecological time series study was based on secondary data vaccination coverage (VC). homogeneity (VCH). proportion abandonment (PA). RT...