Penetration testers are required to attack systems to evaluate their security, but without engaging in unethical behaviour while doing so. Despite work on hacker values and studies into security practice, there is little literature devoted to the ethical pressures associated with penetration testing. This paper presents several ethical dilemmas and dimensions associated with penetration testing...

Security researchers and practitioners lack techniques to quantitatively evaluate the strength of security systems against a determined attacker. Currently, evaluation is either qualitative, such as through security certification standards, or ad-hoc, such as through penetration testing and auditing. In this paper, we propose a framework that if applied to security systems, would produce quanti...

Using the delta-P(1) approximation to the Boltzmann transport equation we develop analytic solutions for the fluence rate produced by planar (1-D) and Gaussian beam (2-D) irradiation of a homogeneous, turbid, semi-infinite medium. To assess the performance of these solutions we compare the predictions for the fluence rate and two metrics of the optical penetration depth with Monte Carlo simulat...

The information obtained from Connected Vehicles has the potential of providing local and area-wide traffic management solutions, which is desperately needed in most large urban areas. The reliability and performance of this transmitted information have to be addressed to ensure that the users can properly utilize this information to solve traffic management issues. This paper investigates the ...

Over the last decade, generic penetration in the U.S. pharmaceutical market has increased substantially, providing significant consumer surplus gains. What impact has this rise in generic penetration had on the rate and direction of early stage pharmaceutical innovation? We explore this question using novel data sources and an empirical framework that models the flow of early-stage pharmaceutic...

The rapid reorganization and polarization of actin filaments (AFs) toward the pathogen penetration site is one of the earliest cellular responses, yet the regulatory mechanism of AF dynamics is poorly understood. Using live-cell imaging in Arabidopsis, we show that polarization coupled with AF bundling involves precise spatiotemporal control at the site of attempted penetration by the nonadapte...

Rate effects are examined in the steady pore pressure distribution induced as a result of penetration of standard and ball penetrometers. The incompressible flow field, which develops around the penetrometer is used to define the approximate soil velocity field local to the penetrometer tip. This prescribes the Lagrangian framework for the migration of the fluid saturated porous medium, definin...

W propose an approach for using individual-level data on social interactions (e.g., number of recommendations received by consumers, number of recommendations given by adopters, number of social ties) to improve the aggregate penetration forecasts made by extant diffusion models. We capture social interactions through an individual-level hazard rate in such a way that the resulting aggregate pe...

Whole Leaves, Photosynthesis, Herbicide Penetration and Detoxification, Fluorometric M ethod The effect of herbicides that inhibit the photosynthetic electron transport at the photosystem II acceptor side has been analyzed in whole plants by using a fluorometric method. The data reported indicate that the apparent variable fluorescence o f the induction curve normalized to the control value pro...