Many plant pathogenic fungi infect their hosts without using wounds or natural openings, such as stomata. They can penetrate the plant epider!Jjlis directly, although its structure is composed in such a way as to deter microorganisms Ouniper, 1991). The outermost layer of the epidermis, the cuticle, is a mixture of the polyester cutin and wa.,'{ (Holloway, 1993; see Chapter 2) anchored to the w...

This paper reviews recent fi ndings about three skin penetration pathways (including a “polar pathway”) and four types of penetration enhancers (enzymes, vesicular systems, ceramides and chemical enhancers). This article will review possible ways for compounds to penetrate the skin and interact with it. Four families of enhancers will be discussed, along with their possible mechanisms of action...

We report the first quantitative measurements of the smectic penetration length

Cephaloridine ('Ceporin') is a semisynthetic compound, 7[(2-thienyl)-acetamide]-5(i-pyridylmethyl)-5-cephem-4-carboxylic acid betaine, derived from cephalosporin C. This is an antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium acremonium, a fungus isolated from a sewage outfall off the Sardinian coast (Brotzu, I948). The cephalosporins are closely related chemically to the penicillins in that they contain a...

Abstract The system of seabed Cone Penetration Test (CPT) is a kind equipment for offshore investigations. Seabed CPT used to assess multiple physical properties marine sediments. Constant-rate penetration mechanism the core part CPT, which adopts dual-cylinder drive penetrate probe rod into seafloor sediments at constant speed (2cm/s). At present, domestic and its almost all rely on imports. I...

Antibiotic penetration to the infection site is critical for obtaining a good clinical outcome in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Surprisingly few studies have quantified the penetration of β-lactam agents into the lung, as measured by the ratio of area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) to AUC in plasma (AUC(ELF)/AUC(plasma) ratio). T...

The transdermal route of administration offers an alternative pathway for systemic drug delivery with numerous advantages over conventional routes. Regrettably, the stratum corneum forms a formidable barrier that hinders the percutaneous penetration of most drugs, offering an important protection mechanism to the organism against entrance of possible dangerous exogenous molecules. Different typ...

Microneedles (MNs) have been shown to enhance the penetration depths of microparticles delivered by gene gun. This study aims to investigate the penetration of model microparticle materials, namely, tungsten (<1 μm diameter) and stainless steel (18 and 30 μm diameters) into a skin mimicking agarose gel to determine the effects of particle characteristics (mainly particle size). A number of expe...