Law Number 31 Year 1997 regulates the jurisdiction of Indonesian Military Court to handle military members who commit a general crime and based on Penal Code respectively. However, General also retains over Code. In comparison, Civilians are only under Court. This condition is against principle equality before law as stated in Article 28D.1 1945 Constitution. Indonesia state must hold this prin...

the nature of war (mühārebeh)   mehdi esmaeli [1]     abstract:   the verse 33 of ma’deh addresses criminalization of war (mühārebeh) and corruption on earth (efsad-fel-arz),  but has not provided any definition of such terms. some jurists consider such terms as one and the same while there are others who differentiate them. indications relevant to addictions to murder, igniting homes, witching...

the right to live is a common human right, which is essential to every individual human being due to the inherent dignity of the human person. no one is allowed to take this right from another human being, and the transgression of this human law, which is also supported by the transcendent teachings of islam, requires perfect reasons. therefore, in case of uncertainty about whether to sentence ...

the private area (privacy) is a humanitarian issue and one of the concepts of developed lawful systems which is closely related to human dignity. therefore, supporting and protecting the individuals' personalities and the citizens' rights requires protection of privacy, which leads to human signification. privacy is not clearly and meaningfully supported, in iranian law. like the posi...

Legally speaking, consumption of any substance that causes inebriation is prohibited in the laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In terms of medicine, alcoholic liquor is ethanol-containing liquid whether causes inebriation or not. Its consumption is considered as a crime and the user will be punished. Ethanol as a known harmful substance might lead to mood instability and subsequently differe...

Drawing on content analysis of 517 New York Times news reports published between 1995 and 2016, the author examines institutionalization opioid responses in terms changing media framing use. The findings indicate that frames were situated lenses medicalization decriminalization. Modes penal social control shifted as early 1990s because budgetary concerns. Drug reform efforts pushed law enforcem...