<p><em>Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease whose treatment takes long time. DM has bad impact on health because of serious complications, both microvascular and macrovascular. Epidemiologically, it estimated that in 2030 the prevalence Indonesia will reach 21.3 million people. Almost 50% patients with type 2 are aged 65 years over. elderly metabolically different from other ...

Pharmacovigilance (PV) is kind of a sunshade to clarify the processes for observance and evaluating Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) it’s key part effective drug regulation systems, clinical follow public health programs. Spontaneous news ADRs could be an important PV & it becomes major disadvantage in developing countries. Knowledge might sort thought interventions aimed toward up rates decre...

BACKGROUND It has been proven that the interaction between pharmaceutical representatives and physicians can directly influence the latter's prescribing behaviour. This meta-synthesis aims to explore the available studies regarding the nature of the interaction that takes place between pharmaceutical representatives and physicians. It highlights the different aspects of that interaction by inve...

BACKGROUND Medicines use related challenges such as inadequate adherence, high levels of antimicrobial resistance and preventable adverse drug reactions have underscored the need to incorporate pharmaceutical services to help achieve desired treatment outcomes, and protect patients from inappropriate use of medicines. This situation is further constrained by insufficient numbers of pharmaceutic...

The identification of novel targets for improved diagnosis and pharmaceutical intervention is of critical importance for better treatment of autoimmune diseases in the future. The possibility to measure levels of gene expression for tens of thousands of genes simultaneously and in a quantitative fashion will greatly enhance our knowledge of genes and pathways involved in disease pathogenesis. I...

Biological advances have radically expanded our insights into the underpinnings of health and disease. New knowledge has formed the substrate for translation-expedited in turn by the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry into novel therapeutic solutions impacting the management of patients and populations. Indeed, this Bioinnovation Enterprise has become the dominant growth sector in drug d...

Counterfeit pharmaceutical products are a real threat to the health of patients, and to the reputation and commercial success of legitimate producers of genuine products. NIR chemical imaging provides a rapid method for detecting and comparing suspected counterfeit products with no sample preparation. With appropriate choice of operating conditions, multiple samples can be compared simultaneous...

Pharmacy practice demands that pharmacists draw upon competencies and outcomes that enable them to perform the functions that support the delivery of pharmaceutical care. Many pharmacy schools have established specific outcome objectives for their students based on published pharmaceutical care functions, practice skills and revised accreditation standards. To meet these objectives, students mu...