Heterodera avenae (cereal cyst nematode, CCN) is an invasive pest of old-world cereals, which probably entered and established in Australia in the 1800s. It spread widely in southeastern Australia, with outliers in other areas, but did not reach its full impact till the 1960s. Early control was through agronomic means but as impact bordered on disaster, the focus shifted to chemical control and...

Fungal cereal pathogens, including Blumeria graminis f.sp. avenae, have the ability to adapt specific conditions, which in turn leads overcoming host resistance. An important aspect is standardized way of characterizing races and pathotypes pathogen. In presented work, for first time it was proposed use a unified letter code that allows describing B. avenae. The set 14 oat genotypes were used a...

brown spot disease caused by alternaria alternata (fr.: fr.) keissl is a serious problem forproduction of tangerines and tangerine hybrids in iran. the tangerine pathotype causes brownspot disease on young leaves and immature fruits of limited varieties of mandarins and tangerines(citrus. reticulata blanco). specificity in the interaction between tangerine and the pathogen isdetermined by a hos...