Fungal and oomycete plant pathogens cause destructive diseases in crops and pose real economic and food security threats [1]. These filamentous, eukaryotic organisms can also upset natural ecosystems when they spread invasively [2]. The capability of plant immune systems to detect and respond to pathogen effector proteins is a major determinant of disease susceptibility. Plant pathogen effector...

Virulence in pathogens may be increased or decreased in order to maximize reproduction and transmission. We investigated how reproduction and virulence in the entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) changed with bacterial density. We predicted that virulence would be moderated at high pathogen densities because extended time to death allows more growth in hosts. We found that pathogen reprod...

The virulence mechanisms that allow pathogens to colonize the intestine remain unclear. Here, we show that germ-free animals are unable to eradicate Citrobacter rodentium, a model for human infections with attaching and effacing bacteria. Early in infection, virulence genes were expressed and required for pathogen growth in conventionally raised mice but not germ-free mice. Virulence gene expre...

Antagonistic interactions between hosts and pathogens frequently result in arms races. The host attempts to recognise the pathogen and inhibit its growth and spread, whereas the pathogen tries to subvert recognition and suppress host responses. These antagonistic interactions drive the evolution of ‘decoys’ in both hosts and pathogens. In host–pathogen interactions, the term decoy describes mol...

The stem rot disease has emerged globally as a major threat to oilseed Brassica's productivity and seed quality. generalist causal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary shows large variability in their aggressiveness pathogenicity. Revealing the pathogen's metabolic profile signaling components host-pathogen interaction is fundamental understanding host resistance disease. In this st...

Staphylococcus aureus, as a foodborne pathogen causing significant harm worldwide, was studied to assess the effectiveness of probiotic strains Lactobacillus casei, plantarum, and Bifidobacterium bifidum individually collectively (as consortia) in controlling its growth. The growth patterns S. aureus were observed when co-cultured with each strain consortium all three over 72 hours. Additionall...

The populations of pathogens in individual hosts have many of the characteristics of multicellular organisms, or individuals. These populations go through a life cycle within a host and they reproduce by founding daughter populations in new hosts. Natural selection shapes the life history characteristics of pathogen populations--life expectancy, trade-offs in the allocation of resources between...

Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract Aloe vera were observed against Staphylococcus aureus, pyogenes, saprophyticus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella . leaf gel was used for extraction.Zones inhibition in millimeter to measure the antimicrobial effect. susceptibility test showed that has growth inhibitory effects tested pathogens. Ethanoli...

Due to the omnipresent risk of epidemics, insect societies have evolved sophisticated disease defences at the individual and colony level. An intriguing yet little understood phenomenon is that social contact to pathogen-exposed individuals reduces susceptibility of previously naive nestmates to this pathogen. We tested whether such social immunisation in Lasius ants against the entomopathogeni...