High energy cosmic neutrinos should provide a new means to explore the sky. Due to the weakness of their interaction with matter and the absence of their interaction with the electromagnetic radiations, neutrinos can travel in the Universe without being absorbed. On the contrary, because photons interact with matter, with the infra-red (IR) radiation and with the cosmic microwave background (CM...

Cold temperature can constrain the rate of oxygen movement through muscle cells of ectothermic animals because the kinetic energy of the solvent-solute system decreases and the viscosity of the aqueous cytoplasm increases during cooling within the physiological range of body temperatures. These factors affect the movement of both dissolved oxygen and oxymyoglobin, the two predominant routes of ...

The pig is frequently used as an experimental model for studies of the pulmonary circulation, yet the branching and dimensional geometry of the porcine pulmonary vasculature remains poorly defined. The purposes of this study are to improve the geometric definition of the porcine pulmonary arteries and to determine whether the arterial tree exhibits self-similarity in its branching geometry. Fiv...

A partial least-squares (PLS)–FTIR procedure is proposed for the direct determination of methanol and ethanol in liquid samples, based on vapour generation from small injected volumes of untreated samples, volatilized inside a Pyrex glass reactor, transported into a multi-pathlength cell with nitrogen carrier gas and then continuously measured by FTIR spectrometry. The spectra were processed us...

β-Actin mRNA is localized near the leading edge in several cell types where actin polymerization is actively promoting forward protrusion. The localization of the β-actin mRNA near the leading edge is facilitated by a short sequence in the 3′UTR (untranslated region), the ‘zipcode’. Localization of the mRNA at this region is important physiologically. Treatment of chicken embryo fibroblasts wit...

The axonal kinematic response to different level of strain was examined in developing chick embryo spinal cords. Spinal cords were dissected from chick embryos at different days of development (E12, E14, E16, and E18), and the myelination of chick embryo spinal cord was characterized by immunohistochemical labeling of myelin basic protein (MBP), which is synthesized in the myelination process. ...

Various acceleration schemes for muons are presented. The overall goal of the acceleration systems: large acceptance acceleration to 25 GeV and „beam shaping‟ can be accomplished by various fixed field accelerators at different stages. They involve three superconducting linacs: a single pass linear Pre-accelerator followed by a pair of multi-pass Recirculating Linear Accelerators (RLA) and fina...

We describe a simple and low-cost technique for resolving the complex conjugate ambiguity in Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) that is applicable to many swept source OCT (SSOCT) systems. First, we review the principles of coherence revival, wherein an interferometer illuminated by an external cavity tunable laser (ECTL) exhibits interference fringes when the two arms of the int...

A new instrument for the on-line determination of ammonia was developed. Since ammonia is a rather sticky compound, sampling losses were minimised with a new sampling device where the ammonia was transferred to the liquid phase only 5 mm after the inlet tip. The liquid phase was then analyzed by long pathlength absorption spectrophotometry using the Berthelot reaction with phenol and hypochlori...

Visualising computational simulation models of solid state physical systems is a hard problem for dense lattice models. Fly throughs and cutaways can aid viewer understanding of a simulated system. Interactive time model parameter updates and overlaying of measurements and graticules, cluster colour labelling and other visual highlighting cues can also enhance user intuition of the model’s mean...