This article reports on four United States studies of how rewards systems, extrinsic and intrinsic, could play an important role in providing incentives for university faculty to teach (or remain teaching) electronic and distance education courses. The first three studies conducted prior to 2003 reported faculty were inherently motivated to teach e-learning and distance education. The fourth st...

Studies on experts' understanding of the public have mainly focused on the views of scientists. We add to the literature on constructions of the public by analyzing the views of decision-makers, professional science communicators and scientists involved in 'space' communication on the public and public participation in policy. Findings show that contextual situations and roles determine the way...

Heterosexism contributes to an unsafe campus climate for lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) college students. Intergroup dialogue courses about sexual orientation seek to build awareness, cross-group relationships, and commitment to social action to address anti-LGB prejudice and discrimination. Although dialogue courses are growing in popularity, few courses address sexual orientation. To advanc...

background patient participation in nursing has great application and values the humanarian values of patients. patient participation is an international golden standard in the modern nursing paradigm. despite the importance of patient participation and its routine use in professional care, this concept is not clear, especially in social and cultural context of iranian nursing. this study clari...

nowadays the growth of deserts is one the most important problems in iran. this phenomenon has many reasons such as growth of population, global changes in the climates and many undesirable consequences such as the erosion of agricultural soils and immigration of rural people to urban regions mainly to the capital of iran, tehran. isfahan province is one of the semi-arid and desert regions in t...

the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of farmer field school (ffs) approach on adoption of biological control by rice farmers. the research population consisted of 72 farmers who had participated in ffs and 346 who had not participated in ffs, selected through randomized sampling method. the methodological approach of the study was twofold: descriptive-correlative and causal-com...