The number of nuclear small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences for Nematoda has increased dramatically in recent years, and although their use in constructing phylogenies has also increased, relatively little attention has been given to their alignment. Here we examined the sensitivity of the nematode SSU data set to different alignment parameters and to the removal of alignment ambig...

Our research was motivated by the pure parsimony haplotyping problem: Given a set G of genotypes, the haplotyping problem consists in finding a set H of haplotypes that explains G. In the pure parsimony haplotyping problem (PPH) we are interested in finding a set H of smallest possible cardinality. The pure parsimony haplotyping problem can be described as a graph colouring problem as follows: ...

The concept of parsimony is central in many scientific domains. In the context of statistics, signal processing or machine learning, it takes the form of variable or feature selection problems, and is commonly used in two situations: First, to make the model or the prediction more interpretable or cheaper to use, i.e., even if the underlying problem does not admit sparse solutions, one looks fo...

A naturalistic account of the strengths and limitations of cladistic practice is offered. The success of cladistics is claimed to be largely rooted in the parsimony-implementing congruence test. Cladists may use the congruence test to iteratively refine assessments of homology, and thereby increase the odds of reliable phylogenetic inference under parsimony. This explanation challenges alternat...

Fresh Pond Research Institute 1.1 Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1.2 Introduction to Variation, SNPs, Genotypes, and Haplotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 The Biological Problem • The Computational Problems • The Need for a Genetic Model • Two Major Ap...

mony is a virtue to which all physicians should strive in the practice of medicine. However, we disagree with the statement in the article that “Both parsimonious medicine and rationing aim to reduce resource use.” The aim of medical parsimony is to provide the care necessary for the patient’s good, not to reduce resource use (although it may in addition preserve resources)—a difference in inte...

Recent developments of statistical methods in molecular phylogenetics are reviewed. It is shown that the mathematical foundations of these methods are not well established, but computer simulations and empirical data indicate that currently used methods such as neighbor joining, minimum evolution, likelihood, and parsimony methods produce reasonably good phylogenetic trees when a sufficiently l...

As an alternative to parsimony analyses, stochastic models have been proposed (Lewis, 2001; Nylander et al., 2004) for morphological characters, so that maximum likelihood or Bayesian analyses may be used for phylogenetic inference. A key feature of these models is that they account for ascertainment bias, in that only varying, or parsimony-informative characters are observed. However, statisti...

Phylogenetic analysis of large datasets using complex nucleotide substitution models under a maximum likelihood framework can be computationally infeasible, especially when attempting to infer confidence values by way of nonparametric bootstrapping. Recent developments in phylogenetics suggest the computational burden can be reduced by using Bayesian methods of phylogenetic inference. However, ...

Partial 18S rRNA sequence of the nemertine Cerebratulus lacteus was obtained and compared with those of coelomate metazoans and acoelomate platyhelminths to test whether nemertines share a most recent common ancestor with the platyhelminths, as traditionally has been implied, or whether nemertines lie within a protostome coelomate clade, as suggested by more recent morphological analyses. Maxim...