ON APRIL 30, 2006, the Egyptian Parliament voted by a large majority to renew the emergency law. This law grants the president extraordinary powers to detain citizens, prevent public gatherings, and issue decrees with little accountability to Parliament or the people. The vote was a famil­ iar ritual: the Egyptian Parliament has routinely approved the emergency law for most of the past forty ye...

This paper opens the ‘black box’of political legitimacy and asks what role, if any, it played in the transformation of pre-modern England’s political system to one based on representation and the rule of law. Accordingly, the paper first presents a theory of endogenous legitimacy and why it influences the distribution of political power and thus policies, institutions, and outcomes. Applying th...

T he recent push for more women parliamentarians around the world via positive action measures such as gender quotas naturally begs the question of whether the increased descriptive representation of women in parliament is making a substantive difference, in terms of the types of policies passed, behavioral norms, and procedures. How does the substantive representation of women take place? One ...

TエW UK P;ヴノキ;マWミデげゲ ;Iデキ┗キデ┞ キミ ヮ┌HノキI Wミェ;ェWマWミデ エ;ゲ ヴWIWミデノ┞ W┝ヮ;ミSWS IラミゲキSWヴ;Hノ┞く F;IWS ┘キデエ declining levels of trust, it has invested considerable time and resources to new activities focusing specifically on engagement: educational resources and cultural events among many others. This embodies a new role for parliament of increasing importance particularly in the context of the twentyfir...