A new, active, normally-open blocking microvalve that uses the thermal expansion of a sealed, thin paraffin patch for actuation has been fabricated and tested. The entire structure is batch-fabricated by surface micromachining the actuator and channel materials on top of a single substrate. The paraffin actuated microvalves are suitable for applications requiring many devices on a single die, l...

background: one ideal property of a root-end fi lling material is its apical sealing ability. the aim of this in vitro study was to assess bacterial and dye microleakage of white and gray mineral trioxide aggregate (wmta and gmta), portland cement and calcium-enriched mixture (cem) cement used as root-end fi lling material, and to assess the agreement between these two test methods. materials a...

in this study, we examined the role of early acetazolamide administration in reducing the risk of cerebrospinal fluid (csf) leakage in patients with a high risk of permanent csf leakage. in a randomised clinical trial, 57 patients with a high risk of permanent csf leakage (rhinorrhea, otorrhea, pneumatocele or imaging-based evidence of severe skull-base fracture) were analysed. in the experimen...

abstract the grasses cold tolerance is the most important limiting factor for its cultivation in temperate regions, so using cold tolerant cultivars is essential for grasses successful cultivation. in order to evaluation freezing stress tolerance of several species of grasses, this study was conducted in agricultural faculty of ferdowsi university of mashhad as a factorial complete randomized b...

Economic models suggest that in many cases, market leakage rates of greenhouse gas abatement reach the two-digit percentage range. Consequently, the Marrakesh Accords require Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects to account for leakage. Despite this, most project proponents neglect market leakage for their project, because the influence of an individual project on market prices seems to be...