This essay examines the initiation ceremonies to which new recruits were often subjected in late medieval universities. These theatricalised and ritualised violence, playing with metaphors symbols toying fine line between representation reality. Why draw quite such attention notion that one was de-bestialising a student (in case of Heidelberg, Avignon, others), re-clothing country bumpkin Siena...

An expanding knowledge of neuropeptides and their function has led to a profound change in our view of how the PAN contributes to pain. In addition to their expected direct action on postsynaptic cells in the dorsal horn, neuropeptides can modify transmitter release from nearby terminals of other PANs and/or diffuse to act on dorsal horn neurons at a considerable distance from their site of rel...

We find ourselves today often carrying numerous portable electronic devices, such as notebook computers, mobile phones, PDAs, digital cameras and mp3/MD/DVD players, used to help and entertain us in our professional life as well as in our private life. For the most part, these devices are used separately and their applications do not interact. Imagine, however, if they could interact directly a...