The β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans was covalently attached to aldehyde-activated (glyoxal) agarose beads and assayed for the continuous production of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) in a packed-bed reactor (PBR). The immobilization was fast (1 h) and the activity of the resulting biocatalyst was 97.4 U/g measured with o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG). The biocatalyst showed exc...

The objective of this research was to study phenol degradation in anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBR) packed with polymeric particulate supports (polystyrene PS, polyethylene terephthalate – PET, and polyvinyl chloride PVC). The reactors were operated with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h. The influent phenol concentration in the AFBR varied from 100 to 400 mg L, resulting in phenol...

A packed-bed reactor (PBR) system was developed for continuous lipase-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of -caprolactone ( -CL). The parameters affecting the poly( -caprolactone) (PCL) production in the PBR such as residence time, height to diameter (H/D) ratio, and monomer feed concentration were investigated. Monomer conversion of -CL increased with the increase of residence time, reached...

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Lipase-catalyzed transesterification between refined bleached deodorized palm olein (RBDO) and tricaprylin to produce medium-long-medium structured lipid (MLM-SL) in a packed bed reactor (PBR) has been investigated. A specific sn-1,3 commercial Lipozyme TL IM was used as biocatalyst. Within this study, the progress of monitored especially for triacylglycerol (TAG) formation with equivalent carb...

There has been continuous interest and fascination with the fluid dynamics of trickle-beds (i.e., cocurrent gas-liquid packed-bed reactors) at least since Weekman and Myers (1964) first proposed a regime map for their operation. Consistent with other flow regime maps before (Baker, 1954; for gas-liquid pipe flow) and since (e.g., Mandhane et al., 1974; for pipe flow), visual observations were u...

A flow process for Pd-catalyzed carbon fluorine bond formation is described. A microreactor using a packed-bed design allows for easy handling of large quantities of insoluble CsF with precise control over reaction times, efficient mixing, and the ability to safely handle elevated temperatures and pressures. A variety of aryl triflates, including heteroaryl ones, were converted to their corresp...

background: the modeling aims to simulate or optimize a process in physical, chemical or biological environments and the derived model will provide a considerable assistance to generate data and predict unknown condition, in case of sufficient suitability. unsuitable disposal and elimination of waste tires have polluted the environment and human life areas, it also have caused removal of a huge...