This research aims to measure the awareness and the implementation of tour operators (TOs) regarding to sustainable tourism supply chain management (STSM) and to explore the internal factors of TOs affecting their STSM implementation. The qualitative data obtained from interviewing with stakeholders and quantitative data collected from the survey of 130 tour operators in Chiangmai and Phuket pr...

The Probabilistic Traveling Salesman Problem (PTSP) is a TSP problem in which each customer has a given probability of requiring a visit. The goal is to find an a priori tour of minimal expected length over all customers, with the strategy of visiting a random subset of customers in the same order as they appear in the a priori tour. We propose an ant based a priori tour construction heuristic,...

Marco Dorigo et al. used Ant System (AS) to explore the Symmetric Traveling Salesman Problem and found that the use of a small number of elitist ants can improve algorithm performance. The elitist ants take advantage of global knowledge of the best tour found to date and reinforce this tour with pheromone in order to focus future searches more effectively. This paper discusses an alternative ap...

This article proposes an approach to the generation of guided tours over indexed information resources on user demand. It represents an alternative to more sophisticated hyperdocument generation techniques, in cases where very few is known about resource contents. The information space is modelled as a hypergraph of resource and resource descriptors. A spanning tree of descriptors is extracted ...

In the Euclidean traveling salesman and buyers problem (TSBP), we are given a set of convex regions in d-dimensional space, and we wish to nd a minimum-cost tour that visits all the regions. The cost of a tour depends on the length of the tour itself and on the distance that buyers within each region need to travel to meet the salesman. We show that constantfactor approximations to the TSBP and...

A corpus of spontaneous route descriptions was collected from 8 speakers (5 males and 3 females). The corpus was labelled according to the ToBI standard and a discourse analysis was completed. Four discourse tour acts were identified and these were found to occur mainly in non-embedded linear sequences. In general, the intonation of each route description was characterised by a single intonatio...

Analytical modeling and insights, numerical experiments, and real-world tour data are used to understand the impact of congestion on urban tour characteristics, carriers’ costs, and distance/time traveled. This paper categorizes tours into three classes based on their tour efficiency and variable costs structure. Travel time/distance between customers and depot is found to be a crucial factor t...