Organelle genomes show remarkable variation in architecture and coding content, yet their nucleotide composition is relatively unvarying across the eukaryotic domain, with most having a high adenine and thymine (AT) content. Recent studies, however, have uncovered guanine and cytosine (GC)-rich mitochondrial and plastid genomes. These sequences come from a small but eclectic list of species, in...

The study tested whether place attachment enhances the place satisfaction among visitors of the multiplex cinema in Tehran-Iran. Structural equation modeling was employed on a sample of 220 visitors. Regression models were estimated to test the relationship of place attachment and place satisfactions of visitors. Place attachment has the four dimensions of place dependence, place identity, plac...

The investigation into ecotones enabled a better understanding of the causal relationships between certain landscape elements, landscape utilisation categories and ecotones. By studying ecotones, we wanted to expand understanding of patterns having an influence on the landscape condition, structure, functions, landscape elements and their relationships. For better understanding and modelling of...

landscape fragmentation has threatened the landscape continuity of ray which was maintainedfrom prehistoric times until recent decades. from 19th century that tehran sprawl growth affected ray’slandscape as a satellite city of tehran, ray experienced rapid landscape fragmentation and underwent manychanges. in order to cope with the threat, the process of changes from landscape fragmentation sho...

A seed shadow is the spatial pattern of seed distribution relative to parent trees and other conspecifics; it results from the process of seed dispersal and represents the starting template for plant regeneration. Janzen (1970) and Connell (1971) consider it the population recruitment surface. For animal-dispersed, endozoochorous species the seed shadow results primarily from movement patterns ...