The past two decades have brought dramatic progress in the neuroscience of anxiety due, in no small part, to animal findings specifying the neurobiology of Pavlovian fear-conditioning. Fortuitously, this neurally mapped process of fear learning is widely expressed in humans, and has been centrally implicated in the etiology of clinical anxiety. Fear-conditioning experiments in anxiety patients ...

OBJECTIVES Overgeneralization has been investigated across many domains of cognitive functioning in major depression, including the imagination of future events. However, it is unknown whether this phenomenon extends to representations of personal goals, which are important in structuring long-term behaviour and providing meaning in life. Furthermore, it is not clear whether depressed individua...

Fear generalization is a prominent feature of anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is defined as enhanced fear responding to a stimulus that bears similarities, but is not identical to a threatening stimulus. Pattern separation, a hippocampal-dependent process, is critical for stimulus discrimination; it transforms similar experiences or events into non-overlapping re...

OBJECTIVE Inhibiting the anterior temporal lobe (ATL) via repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) appears to have deleterious effects on people's semantic conceptualization, and left ATL damage is associated with semantic dementia. However, little research has investigated whether rTMS can inhibit conceptual schemata that have potentially negative consequences. Our aim was to invest...

Carpenter et al. (1998) investigated how nutrients (i.e., phosphorus [P] input), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and grazing are related to phytoplankton biomass and production in four manipulated lakes intensely sampled during five summers. Multivariate probability distributions of algal biomass and production were constructed for varying data on P input rates, DOC, and grazer length, where DO...

Stress broadly affects the ability to regulate emotions and may contribute to generalization of threat-related behaviors to harmless stimuli. Behavioral generalization also tends to increase over time as memory precision for recent events gives way to more gist-like representations. Thus, acute stress coupled with a delay in time from a negative experience may be a strong predictor of the trans...

INTRODUCTION Magic always has been a fascinating subject of research, but one mostly studied against the background of perceived ''false'' or atavistic think-ing—historically or culturally distant in primitive cultures. The lines of tradition within theories on magic that are still influential, such as those begun by Edward B. Tylor and James Frazer (evolutionary), Marcel Mauss and E ´ mile Dur...

The function word “le” in Chinese serves as both a sentence final particle (le1) and an aspect marker (le2). As an aspect marker indicating the completion of action, “le” has been observed to be frequently misused by learners of Chinese, among which the overgeneralization of “le” a past-tense marker is the most glaring. Based on “NTNU Chinese learners’ written corpus”, we analyzed the usage and...

We report a set of results in the second language (L2) acquisition of English phonology by first language (L1) speakers of Korean. Specifically, we focus on significant differences isolated between L2 speakers‟ production of isolated words in English and their production of the same words in sentence and phrasal contexts. Results indicate significantly more accurate production of words in isola...

This study is conducted as an attempt to examine the errors in English writings committed by Arab learners who live in Israel. These students were required to write an essay in English. The participants were 22 students, four males and 18 females. For error identifications and categorizations, the researchers developed, based on the Israeli matriculation (Bagrut), and on the literature (Ellis, ...