A technique is presented for measuring the parallel energy distribution of magnetically confined electrons in a cylindrically symmetric pure electron plasma. In essence, the technique measures how many electrons are energetic enough to escape past applied confinement potentials. The technique does not require any secondary magnetic fields. Simplified variations of the technique are also present...

Over the past two decades married women’s labor force participation has shown a considerable increase in the US. In particular, both the cross sectional and the life cycle behavior of married women’s hours worked has undergone a substantial change. I show that a key factor underlying this trend is the change in behavior for married women with children. In particular, while in the past married w...

Past research reveals a tension between children's preferences for egalitarianism and ingroup favoritism when distributing resources to others. Here we investigate how children's evaluations and expectations of others' behaviors compare. Four- to 10-year-old children viewed events where individuals from two different groups distributed resources to their own group, to the other group, or equall...

Virtual embodiments of people in groupware systems provide a wealth of information to others in the group. They allow for explicit gestural communication, and they provide implicit awareness information about people’s locations and activities. However, the constraints of current networked groupware limit the effectiveness of these kinds of communication. This paper investigates how embodiments ...

The Witten-Reshetikhin-Turaev invariant of classical link diagrams is generalized to virtual link diagrams. This invariant is unchanged by the framed Reidemeister moves and the Kirby calculus. As a result, it is also an invariant of the 3-manifolds represented by the classical link diagrams. We generalize this invariant to virtual link diagrams. This result is used to demonstrate that there are...

Robust learning experiments confront participants with structurally different decision environments which they encounter, furthermore, repeatedly. Forward looking deliberation (the shadow of the future) can be detected by anticipation of rule changes. Adaptation to past success (the shadow of the past) is revealed when playing the same game repeatedly. The experiments of bidding behavior, reput...

The authors investigated the associations between attachment, empathy, rumination, forgiveness, and depressive symptoms via the framework of attachment theory. Participants (N = 221; 141 F and 80 M) completed a battery of questionnaires. We hypothesized that (a) anxious and avoidant attachment would be negatively linked to dispositional forgiveness; (b) the anxious attachment–forgiveness link w...

The paper analyses the economic policies of the Fujimori government in Peru, 1990-2000. It explores the extent to which such policies represented a return to Peru's historical dependence on the primary sector. In so far as it is a return to the past, are there lessons to be learnt from history? Her warm thanks go to the family of Carlos Rodriguez Pastor, the Fundación Carlos Rodriguez Pastor an...

Rules, regulations, and policies are the basis of civilized society and are used to coordinate the activities of individuals who have a variety of goals and purposes. History has taught that over-regulation (too many rules) makes it difficult to compete and under-regulation (too few rules) can lead to crisis. This implies an optimal number of rules that avoids these two extremes. Rules create b...

The underlying principle of the DR-LINK System is that retrieval must be at the conceptual level, not the word level. That is, a successful retrieval system must retrieve on the basis of what people mean in their query, not just what they say in their query. The same is true of documents their representation needs to capture the content at the conceptual level of expression. To accomplish this ...