The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of gender inequality in education on females’ labor force participation in 14 major cities (rapidly urbanizing areas) of Pakistan after taking into account the socio-economic indicators like the marital status of female, the gender of the head of household, physical facilities, the median income of the household, etc. Data were gathered from ...

In cross-national data on individual and country-level characteristics, the variance of log annual income is shown to correlate positively with indicators of redistribution. The database comes from the Panel Comparability (PACO) project, affiliated with the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), a first effort to provide comparable panel data across a broad range of countries. Countries in the sample i...

BACKGROUND There is limited evidence on the social determinants of A&E use and concerns over the equity of NHS Direct utilization. METHODS We analysed data from the 2004-05 British General Household Survey, which included 20,421 participants. Logistic regression was used to examine individual casualty use in the last 3 months and household NHS Direct use in the last year. RESULTS Casualty u...

INTRODUCTION There is little available evidence of associations between the various dimensions of women's empowerment and contraceptive use having been examined--and of how these associations are mediated by women's socio-economic and demographic statuses. We assessed these phenomena in Pakistan using a structured-framework approach. METHODS We analyzed data on 2,133 women who were either usi...

OBJECTIVE To analyse trends in maternal nutritional status in Bangladesh over a 12-year period and to examine the associations between nutritional status and socio-economic variables. DESIGN Maternal nutritional status indicators were height, weight and BMI. Socio-economic variables used were region, residency, education and occupation of the mothers and their husbands, house type, and posses...

Food insecurity, as a multi-faceted problem with far-reaching health and societal consequences, is prevalent among disadvantaged households. Household food insecurity has made the notion operationally useful in the design, implementation, and evaluation of programs and policies. This study was to investigate the socio-demographic associates contributing to severity of food insecurity among vuln...

Information and communication technology plays an important role in addressing the world’s energy problem. Networked digital electricity meters (so-called smart meters), for instance, can provide households with real-time information on their electricity consumption and thus help them to conserve energy. Initial expectations on the saving potential of this technology were too optimistic, howeve...

BACKGROUND Psychological factors associated with low social status have been proposed as one possible explanation for the socio-economic gradient in health. The aim of this study is to explore whether different indicators of psychological distress contribute to socio-economic differences in cause-specific mortality. METHODS The data source is a nationally representative, repeated cross-sectio...

OBJECTIVES To estimate the degree to which individual and household variables jointly predict utilization of curative ambulatory services in Mexico for four types of health providers. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patient choice of provider (self-care, Ministry of Health, social security, or private provider) when they become ill is modeled using a nested multinomial logit model that uses household an...

BACKGROUND Many children can be exposed to multiple adversities in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) placing them at potential risk of psychological problems. However, there is a paucity of research using large representative cohorts examining the psychological adjustment of children in school settings in these countries. Children's psychological adjustment has been shown to affect educat...