Infectious disease surveillance is key to limiting the consequences from infectious pathogens and maintaining animal and public health. Following the detection of a disease outbreak, a response in proportion to the severity of the outbreak is required. It is thus critical to obtain accurate information concerning the origin of the outbreak and its forward trajectory. However, there is often a l...

818 For almost 70 years, the World Health Organization (WHO) has coordinated the norms and technical standards required to improve global health. This is the role people most often associate with WHO. However, the organization’s constitution also calls on it to “furnish technical assistance and, in emergencies, necessary aid” to governments, a role WHO has played on countless occasions. Example...

ebola virus (ebov) is an enveloped virus including a negative single strand genome in its virion with cylindrical/tubular morphology. ebov is the causative agent of ebola virus disease (evd), which is also involved in the outbreak observed in central africa since 1976. evd is a complex zoonotic viral disease which is highly virulent in human. the transmission of ebola infection is not usually h...

plague is an infectious disease transmitted from rodents to humans. this disease is considered an endemic disease in western iran. the last officially reported case of human plague in iran was in 1965. in the last few decades, human plague has been reported in iran’ neighboring countries. also, according to some recent evidence witnessing infected rodents in western iran, it is probable to have...

The authors characterised sources of early warning messages about occurrences of Rift Valley fever (RVF) and examined the response measures that were used by the Department of Veterinary Services (DVS) to manage the 2006-2007 RVF outbreaks in Kenya. The study was conducted between November 2009 and March 2010 and it included national, provincial and district veterinary officers who were involve...

The world’s largest outbreak of Ebola virus disease began in West Africa in 2014. Although few cases were identified in the United States, the possibility of imported cases led US public health systems and health care facilities to focus on preparing the health care system to quickly and safely identify and respond to emerging infectious diseases. In New York City, early, coordinated planning a...

in the real world, risk and uncertainty are two natural properties in the implementation of mega projects. most projects fail to achieve the pre-determined objectives due to uncertainty. a linear integer programming optimization model was used in this work to solve a problem in order to choose the most appropriate risk responses for the project risks. a mathematical model, in which work structu...

background: the postoperative shivering is one of the common complications of anesthesia after surgery and in the recovery room, which can cause the increased systemic blood pressure, oxygen consumption, heart rate and the cardiac arrhythmias among patients. due to the variety of drugs used in general anesthesia, and necessity of choosing the effective intravenous and the inhaled drugs to reduc...

BACKGROUND Rapid response to outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases is impeded by uncertain diagnoses and delayed communication. Understanding the effect of inefficient response is a potentially important contribution of epidemic theory. To develop this understanding we studied societal learning during emerging outbreaks wherein patient removal accelerates as information is gathered and diss...