conclusions our findings suggested a worrying increase in resistance of v. cholerae strains to commonly used antibiotics. differences in patterns of resistance between afghan and iranian patients' samples were observed, which further emphasize a need for constant observation. results a st revealed high levels of resistance to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (89.6%), tetracycline (60.4%), ampicill...

Chromosome-sized DNA molecules of clinical isolates of Torulopsis glabrata were resolved by a pulsed-field electrophoretic method, contour-clamped homogeneous electric fields. With the conditions established in this study, 8 to 12 bands (ranging from 445 to 3,000 kilobases) were observed. There were differences in the intensities and migrations of bands, consistent with T. glabrata being either...

Quality control during mass production of Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV), and studies on environmental fate following the use of this virus as a biological pesticide, would be facilitated by a rapid method for the detection and identification of isolates. A molecular biology tool was developed that combined the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length ...

BACKGROUND The vehicles and sources of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection are unknown. In Finland, clinical microbiology laboratories routinely report Y. pseudotuberculosis isolations and submit isolates for serotype analysis. In October 1998, the number of serotype O:3 infections increased markedly. METHODS Case patients with culture-confirmed Y. pseudotuberculosis O:3 infection were iden...

We used genetic parentage analysis of 6200 potential parents and 5497 juvenile offspring to evaluate the relative reproductive success of hatchery and natural steelhead (Onchorhynchus mykiss) when spawning in the wild between 2008 and 2011 in the Wenatchee River, Washington. Hatchery fish originating from two prior generation hatchery parents had <20% of the reproductive success of natural orig...

Prior work has shown that the inheritance of resistance to metalaxyl, an oomycete-specific fungicide, is complex and may involve multiple genes. Recent research indicated that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the gene encoding RPA190, the largest subunit of RNA polymerase I, confers resistance to metalaxyl (or mefenoxam) in some isolates of the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora ...

Disease caused by the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus gattii begins with the inhalation of an infectious propagule. As C. gattii is heavily encapsulated, this propagule is most likely to be a basidiospore. However, most C. gattii strains are infertile in laboratory crosses, and population studies indicate that recombination and dispersal are very restricted. In addition, strains of the alpha mati...