this review gives an overview of our recent findings and developments in research on brain mechanisms of morphine reward from studies using the place preference conditioning paradigm. intracranial place conditioning methodology has become a valuable and firmly established and very widely used tool in behavioural pharmacology and drug reward mechanisms. several studies have established that morp...

The concept of value is of great importance for investors. The goal of different groups of investors is always to maximize the value of their capital. The aim of this research is developing factors effective on securities in capital market in order to develop a paradigm for fair valuation that leads investors to make better decisions. To study fair value in a precise and comprehensive way, effe...

introduction: activation of n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) glutamate receptors in the nucleus accumbens is a component of drug-induced reward mechanism. in addition, nmda receptors play a major role in brain reward system and activation of these receptors can change firing pattern of dopamine neurons. blockade of glutamatergic neurotransmission reduces the expression of conditioned place preferenc...

a r t i c l e i n f o The existing operations management literature has extensively investigated the associations between customer satisfaction and firm performance. However, how to improve customer satisfaction through employee empowerment, service reward, and service training has rarely been investigated. In this research, we tied human resource and service operations management to each other...

Knowledge-based organizations pose an innovation project ‘scope–risk paradox’ in their projects. On the one hand, uncertainty of broader scope avails them opportunities to delegate responsibilities environment; on other elevated risk–reward evaluation hampers aspirations. This article suggests a solution: prestige decision ecology inflates rewards and deflates risks decision. research developme...

In Kenya, the human resource elements impact employee performance in public universities. This study therefore looked into of remuneration and recognition practices on middle level managers at Kenyatta University Nairobi, Kenya. Agency theory, Reinforcement Expectancy Theory, Efficiency Wage Theory were used research. The findings clearly indicated that employees moderately satisfied with their...