In this chapter the relationship between organic film structure and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) data is discussed. As a useful method for obtaining detailed structural data we first summarize shortly the advantages of X-ray scattering. Here, of course we cannot include the full body of literature on interface-sensitive X-ray scattering but rather refer to general references. By...

The microbial fuel cell (MFC) was evaluated as an alternative way to recover electricity from canteen based food waste. Characteristics of the organics in food waste before and after the MFC treatment were analyzed to investigate how the organic matters were biodegraded and transformed during the MFC treatment. A maximum power density of 5.6W/m(3) and an average output voltage of 0.51V were obt...

New Public Governance theory increases citizen participation and expands bureaucrats' roles in the work of government. Citizen creates new mechanisms for citizens to influence policy process. Bureaucrats' expanded allow broader bureaucratic discretion over implementation. When citizens' views on public management decisions collide, whose prevail? Do volunteers or bureaucrats have greater decisi...

introduction: natural organic matters (noms) existing in water resources led to various problems such as formation of disinfectant by-products (dbps). humic matters like humic acid (ha) are component of noms that should be removed from water. advanced oxidation process (aops) is one of the noms removal methods. the aim of this study was to survey the degradation of humic acid by electron beam i...

in order to study the effect of different types and rates of animal manure and spent mushroom compost on controlling egyptian broomrape (orobanche aegyptiaca perss.) in tomato (mill. lycopersicon esculentum), two studies were conducted on randomized complete block design with three replications at research green house, college of agriculture, ferdowsi university of mashhad and nemooneh field of...