background: providing high-quality care in the intensive care units (icus) is a major goal of every medical system. nurses play a crucial role in achieving this goal. one of the most important responsibilities of nurses is sedation and pain control of patients. the present study tried to assess the effect of nurses’ practice of a sedation protocol on sedation and consciousness levels and the do...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare efficacy and safety of oral chloral hydrate (CH) and promethazine (PZ) for sedation during electroencephalography (EEG) in children. METHODS In a parallel single-blinded randomized clinical trial, sixty 1-10 year old children referred to EEG Unit of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital from January 2010 to February 2011 in Yazd, Iran, were evaluated. The...

For a small subset of mentally handicapped individuals, the medical and dental setting can be so threatening that they react violently to health care providers. Deep sedation can be administered enterally using oral ketamine, 6-8 mg/kg, combined with glycopyrrolate mixed in simple syrup and preceded by a dose of an oral benzodiazepine and sodium citrate. A case utilizing this technique to sedat...

Although dental board regulations for the provision of in-office enteral conscious (oral) sedation vary widely with respect to training and pharmacologic strategies, they agree on the use of drugs that are inherently safe, the use of pulse oximetry and the availability of emergency equipment, including pharmacologic antagonists. Patient safety is of greatest concern and is best addressed by app...

Topical anesthesia of the airway is a necessary for awake intubation and is usually achieved using lidocaine delivered by various means. Although some experts favor the use of airway blocks, a more common approach is to use pure topical methods in combination with "spray as you go" techniques. Once the topicalization is complete, the patient should be able to easily tolerate the use of an oral ...

This study aimed to compare the effects of oral midazolam and chloral hydrate in pre-echocardiography sedation of children. In this double-blind clinical trial, 68 children were randomly assigned to midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) or chloral hydrate (50 mg/kg). The intensity, duration, and onset of the drugs' effects were assessed. Data were analyzed using the χ2 and Mann-Whitney tests (P ≤ .05). The ave...

BACKGROUND We compared the postoperative analgesic efficacy of caudal levobupivacaine with bupivacaine in pediatric subumbilical surgery. METHODS Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists I-II patients scheduled for elective minor surgery (1.5-7 years old) were randomly divided into three groups to receive caudal injections of study drugs at 0.5 ml/kg. All patients received 0.1 mg/kg oral m...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the sedative efficacy and effects on early period cognitive function of premedication in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). METHODS Forty patients (18-70 years; American Society of Anesthesiology risk category I-III) undergoing elective ERCP were randomized to receive oral premedication with 0.15 mg/kg midazolam or 1 mg/kg tramadol. Cognitive function...

This study compared the sedative effectiveness of orally administered ketamine to a combination of oral meperidine/promethazine (Demerol/Phenergan) in two groups of children. One group received ketamine at a dose of 6 mg/kg and the other group received meperidine/promethazine combination at a dose of 2 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively. All children received nitrous oxide 30-50% titrated to eff...

The use of sedatives has established efficacy and safety for managing anxiety regarding dental treatment. This article will provide essential information regarding the pharmacology and therapeutic principles that govern the appropriate use of orally administered sedatives to provide mild sedation (anxiolysis). Dosages and protocols are intended for this purpose, not for providing moderate or de...