normal 0 false false false en-us x-none ar-sa background: in this randomized, double‑blinded study, we investigated the preemptive effects of propofol, remifentanil or ketamine on post‑operative pain scores and analgesic requirements in elective lower abdominal surgeries under general anesthesia during the first 24 h of post‑operative period. materials and methods: seventy five patients, ...