Introduction: The performance in most smell identification tests is subjected to cultural variations. This study aimed to evaluate age, gender, and smoking-related effects on the test performance in the North of Iran.   Materials and Methods: The olfactory function of 1470 eligible subjects was assessed in this study. Moreover, this study evaluated the influence of age, ...

A large body of evidence indicates that pigeons use olfactory cues to navigate over unfamiliar areas with a differential contribution of the left and right hemispheres. In particular, the right nostril/olfactory bulb (OB) and left piriform cortex (Cpi) have been demonstrated to be crucially involved in navigation. In this study we analysed behaviour-induced activation of the olfactory system, i...

The distribution of calretinin immunoreactivity in the developing olfactory system of the rainbow trout was studied by using an indirect immunocytochemical method. Calretinin immunoreactivity was firstly detected at 150 day-degrees in the olfactory placode, where labeled primordial cells were observed. At 250 day-degrees, precursor cells of the olfactory receptor neurons located in the olfactor...

The olfactory nerve differs from cranial nerves III-XII in that it contains a specialised type of glial cell, called 'olfactory ensheathing cell' (OEC), rather than Schwann cells. In addition, functional neurogenesis persists postnatally in the olfactory system, i.e. the primary olfactory pathway continuously rebuilds itself throughout adult life. The presence of OECs in the olfactory nerve is ...

Oscillations in neuronal population activity, or the synchronous neuronal spiking that underlies them, are thought to play a functional role in sensory processing in the CNS. In the olfactory system, stimulus-induced oscillations are observed both in central processing areas and in the peripheral receptor epithelium. To examine the relationship between these peripheral and central oscillations,...

Postnatal olfactory learning produces both a conditioned behavioral response and a modified olfactory bulb neural response to the learned odor. The present report describes the role of norepinephrine (NE) on both of these learned responses in neonatal rat pups. Pups received olfactory classical conditioning training from postnatal days (PN) 1-18. Training consisted of 18 trials with an intertri...

In our studies, 50 percent of the male patients with schizophrenia have an olfactory agnosia. This finding is of interest because the olfactory neuroanatomical network involves brain regions found to be abnormal in patients with schizophrenia, and this olfactory deficit appears to be sex dependent. This article reviews conceptual models for assessing olfactory function, describes the neuroanato...

Most concepts related to physiology and pathology of olfaction has been related to abnormalities in neural function related to changes in central nervous system disorders or in disorders of olfactory nerves. While these events have been useful in understanding olfactory physiology and pathology most pathology of olfactory detection lies in problems related to olfactory receptor function not to ...