This study systematically established the most effective refining process for Moringa oleifera (MO) kernel oil. Acid degumming (20.33 ± 1.37 ppm) removed significantly greater phosphorus than water (31.18 0.90 ppm). Neutralization was more deodorization in decreasing acid (0.06 mg KOH/g) and p-Anisidine (p-AV, 0.36 0.03) values of Besides improving its color properties, acid-activated bleaching...