Here MI is the total holdup inside the column, and MD and MB are the condenser and reboiler holdups. S = yD(1 xB) (1 yD)xB is the separation factor and Is = DyD(1 yD) + BxB(1 xB) is the \impurity sum". Note that Is may be extremely small for columns with both products of high purity (1 yD and xB both small) resulting in very large linearized values of 1. The response to changes in the internal ...

The objective of the work is to analyze and predict the multiple steady states through dynamic analysis when the reactive distillation column is subject to different input disturbances. The dynamic simulations are carried out to analyze the open loop dynamic responses of the system using step changes in the manipulated variable (reflux ratio, holdup, hydrocarbon mixture feed stage, hydrocarbon ...

Apart from the familiar holdup problem, we investigate another implication of specific investment that has not been examined systematically in the literature. That is, the presence of specific investment can make a supplier vulnerable to large negative shocks to its customer’s business. In a theoretical model, we demonstrate that this vulnerability causes the supplier to under-invest. A higher ...

We study microreactors with internal fields of posts as typical examples of structured microreactors to elucidate flow fields and their implications for mass transfer. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) visualization combined with image analysis is used to systematically quantify key features such as interfacial area, phase holdup and the characteristics of the post-wetting layer. The subsequent ...