muslim scholars and islamic official institutions consider human cloning as opposing religious doctrine, and forbidden. their ideas are based upon some theological and juridical arguments, including: posing a challenge to the creative power of god, breaking the tradition of marriage, breaking the tradition of diversity in creatures or species, making changes in divine creatures, game with creat...

Many known methods for analysing the communication complexity of unstructured search are based on the hardness of the set disjointness problem. Such techniques may “hide” important aspects of the original problem. Intuitively, search is a much simpler task: while set disjointness is hard even for NP, successful search necessarily results in a short witness, which makes it easy for NP. According...

Perhaps the greatest challenge that will face health systems around the world this century will be how to develop effective responses to the growing burden of chronic diseases. Several interlinked factors come together to create this challenge. Many chronic diseases are a consequence, albeit not always inevitable, of the ageing process. However, unlike in past generations, for whom the onset of...

E. P. Thompson expressed succinctly the prevailing orthodoxy about the origins of the Independent Labour Party when he wrote, in his homage to Tom Maguire, that "the ILP grew from bottom up". From what little evidence has been available, it has been argued that the ILP was essentially a provincial party, which was created from the fusion of local political groups concentrated mainly on an axis ...