This paper studies the behavior of competing firms in a duopoly with rational inattentive consumers. Firms play sequential game which they decide to obfuscate their individual prices before on price. Probabilistic demand functions are endogenously determined by consumers’ optimal information strategy, depends firms’ obfuscation choice and unrestricted prior beliefs. We show that may result an e...

We demonstrate that modern image recognition methods based on artificial neural networks can recover hidden information from images protected by various forms of obfuscation. The obfuscation techniques considered in this paper are mosaicing (also known as pixelation), blurring (as used by YouTube), and P3, a recently proposed system for privacy-preserving photo sharing that encrypts the signifi...

In the realm of protecting programs from illegitimate use, obfuscation offers a modicum of defense against malicious reverse engineering and tampering. As a field of study, obfuscation would benefit from a unifying framework that has solid theoretical foundation yet provides value in empirical study and implementation. The essence of obfuscation (in practice) is best described as a measurable l...

This paper addresses the question of how to model the application of vague predicates like tall and bald to plural subjects like John and Mary and the men. In other words, we are interested in developing a logical analysis for natural language sentences like Mary is tall and The men are bald. In the past 30 years, much research has been devoted to finding the proper logical framework to model t...

What is the proper attitude toward what is expressed by a vague sentence in the face of borderline evidence? Many call this attitude “ambivalence” and distinguish it from uncertainty. It has been argued that Classical Epistemicism and classical probability theory fail to characterize this attitude, and that we must therefore abandon classical logic or classical probabilities in the presence of ...

In philosophy of logic and elsewhere, it is generally thought that similar problems should be solved by similar means. This advice is sometimes elevated to the status of a principle: the principle of uniform solution. In this paper I will explore the question of what counts as a similar problem and consider reasons for subscribing to the principle of uniform solution. 1 Introducing the Principl...

An expression is vague, if its meaning is not precise. For vagueness at the sentence-level this means that a vague sentence does not give rise to precise truth conditions. This is a problem for the standard theory of meaning within linguistics, because this theory presupposes that each sentence has a precise meaning with respect to each context of use. The philosophical discussion on ‘vagueness...

I shall argue that vagueness, understood as a semantic phenomenon, can be accommodated within standard semantics by assimilating it to contingency in standard modal semantics and suitably modifying the pragmatics. I claim that vagueness in natural language is not a defect and that accommodating it is therefore obligatory for semantic frameworks for natural languages. In section 17.2, I interpre...

Existing de nitions of program obfuscation do not rule out malleability attacks, where an adversary that sees an obfuscated program is able to generate another (potentially obfuscated) program that is related to the original one in some way. We formulate two natural avors of non-malleability requirements for program obfuscation, and show that they are incomparable in general. We also construct ...