The palladium-catalysed intramolecular α-arylation of carbonyl compounds with amino-tethered 2- and 3-iodoindoles provides a useful methodology for the synthesis of indolo-b-fused nitrogen heterocycles. A variety of substituted tetrahydro β- and γ-carbolines, and pyrrolo[3,4-b]indoles, have been prepared by means of this palladium-catalysed annulation process.

During the process of drug discovery, INPHARMA can be used to derive the structure of receptor/lead compound complexes binding to each other with a K(d) in the microM to mM range. To be successful, the methodology needs adjustment of various parameters that depend on the physical constants of the binding event and on the receptor size. Here we present a thorough theoretical analysis of the INPH...

As ultrafast time-resolved studies of liquid systems with the laser pump/X-ray scattering probe method have come of age over the past decade, several groups have developed methods for the analysis of such X-ray scattering data. The present article describes a method developed primarily with a focus on determining structural parameters in the excited states of medium-sized molecules (approximate...

SYNOPSIS. The response in species diversity associated with successional change in vegetation, or in a more general sense, species diversity as a function of time in any system of primary producers, has been the subject of much speculation but little direct study. All evidence available shows that pioneer communities are low in diversity, that in mesic environments the peak in diversity in fore...

Although many studies in neuroscience are based on comparing neuronal responses to single, isolated sensory or motor events, multiple events frequently occur in close temporal proximity in freely moving animals. This often obscures the precise temporal correlation between each event and the relevant brain activity. By simulating neuronal responses in multi-event tasks, we show that perievent ti...