neointimal formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009;29:480–487. 6. Chen Z, Keaney JF Jr., Schulz E, Levison B, Shan L, Sakuma M, Zhang X, Shi C, Hazen SL, Simon DI. Decreased neointimal formation in Nox2-deficient mice reveals a direct role for NADPH oxidase in the response to arterial injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:13014–13019. 7. Matsuno K, Yamada H, Iwata K, Jin D, Katsuyama M,...

Podocyte apoptosis is a critical mechanism for excessive loss of urinary albumin that eventuates in kidney fibrosis. Pharmacological doses of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin reduce albuminuria in diabetes. We explored the hypothesis that mTOR mediates podocyte injury in diabetes. High glucose (HG) induces apoptosis of podocytes, inhibits AMP-activated protein kinase...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is implicated in stem cell self-renewal in several tissues but is thought to be detrimental for spermatogenesis as well as spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Using cultured SSCs, we show that ROS are generated via the AKT and MEK signaling pathways under conditions where the growth factors glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and fibroblast growth ...

In type 2 diabetes, it has been proposed that pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction is promoted by oxidative stress caused by NADPH oxidase (NOX) overactivity. Five different NOX enzymes (NOX1-5) have been characterized, among which NOX1 and NOX2 have been proposed to negatively affect beta-cells, but the putative role of NOX4 in type 2 diabetes-associated beta-cell dysfunction and glucose intoleran...

Reactive oxygen species- (ROS-) mediated injury has been implicated in several inflammatory disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are the major source of endogenous ROS. Here, we investigated the role of NOXs derived-ROS in a mouse model of colitis induced by the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Intraperitoneal injection of TNFα (...

The NADPH oxidases are important transmembrane proteins producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Within the Nox family, different modes of activation can be discriminated. Nox1-3 are dependent on different cytosolic subunits, Nox4 seems to be constitutively active and Nox5 is directly activated by calcium. With the exception of Nox5, all Nox family members are thought to depend on the small tra...