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objectives: according to the gateway drug theory, tobacco use is a predisposing factor for future substance abuse. this study was conducted to compare nicotine and opiate dependents to identify the differences between their personality traits and psychopathology that makes them turn to other substances after cigarette smoking. methods: a causal-comparative study was conducted. three groups were...

this study intends to recognize the factors affecting advertising creativity based on stuhlfout and yoo’s model and according to the ideas of creative directors in iran. the research methodology was causal survey method. data were collected from a sample of 90 experts, selected out of 135 based on simple random sampling. the questionnaire prepared by help of different standard questionnaires an...