The recent identification of myocardial metabolites of ethanol--fatty acid ethyl esters--suggests that some of the pathophysiological derangements associated with alcohol-induced heart muscle disease may be a consequence of products of myocardial ethanol metabolism. The donor of the fatty acid moiety in the formation of fatty acid ethyl esters has been identified as nonesterified fatty acid. Fa...

Microdialysis coupled with an enzyme-based flow injection analysis was used to monitor brain extracellular lactate and glucose in the freely moving rat. Glucose levels reflect the balance between supply from the blood and local utilisation, and lactate efflux indicates the degree of local nonoxidative glucose metabolism. Local application of tolbutamide, a blocker of the ATP-sensitive potassium...

Previous work has shown that primary skin-derived fibroblasts from long-lived pituitary dwarf mutants resist the lethal effects of many forms of oxidative and nonoxidative stress. We hypothesized that increased autophagy may protect fibroblasts of Pit-1(dw/dw) (Snell dwarf) mice from multiple forms of stress. We found that dwarf-derived fibroblasts had higher levels of autophagy, using LC3 and...

Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), esterification products of ethanol and fatty acids, have been implicated as mediators of ethanol-induced organ damage. Because cytosolic enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase, lipase, and amylase appear in the blood after liver or pancreatic damage, we hypothesized that FAEE synthase, which is both cytosolic and membrane bound, is also released into the bloo...

Carbohydrate metabolism via glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle is pivotal for cancer growth, and increased refined carbohydrate consumption adversely affects cancer survival. Traditionally, glucose and fructose have been considered as interchangeable monosaccharide substrates that are similarly metabolized, and little attention has been given to sugars other than glucose. However, fruc...

The mechanisms by which monocytes from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have reduced growth inhibitory activity against Cryptococcus neoformans was examined. Monocyte-enriched peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 12 HIV-seropositive donors with CD4 cell counts of 10-210 cells/mm3 (median, 85) and HIV-seronegative donors were compared in assays to determine the bindin...

This Advisory is a revision of the 2006 Substance Abuse Treatment Advisory, The Role of Biomarkers in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders. The revision was necessitated by increased scientific knowledge about alcohol biomarkers and requests from clinical and judicial professionals for greater clarification on the use of biomarkers. This Advisory reviews recent scientific biomarker data and d...

This Advisory is a revision of the 2006 Substance Abuse Treatment Advisory, The Role of Biomarkers in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders. The revision was necessitated by increased scientific knowledge about alcohol biomarkers and requests from clinical and judicial professionals for greater clarification on the use of biomarkers. This Advisory reviews recent scientific biomarker data and d...

the phenomenon of conversion to islam in the territories conquered by the muslim arabs, is one of the ambiguous and controversial topics in the studies of islamic history. major part of the social transformation of copts in islamic egypt returns to their conversion from christianity to islam. gradual changing of the majority to a minority group under muslim rule was a complex process, because m...

The results of this study show that recombinant interleukin-8 (IL-8) enhances the intracellular killing of Mycobacterium fortuitum by human granulocytes. This chemokine did not stimulate the phagocytosis of M. fortuitum by granulocytes at various bacterium-to-cell ratios. The killing process was not affected by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium bisulfate, which indicates that reco...